Hiring minors can be a great way to fill part-time roles, but employers must follow strict labor laws to ensure compliance. If you’re wondering, “how many hours a week can a minor work?”, the answer depends on factors like the minor’s age, the time of year, and state-specific regulations. Understanding these rules is essential to avoid legal issues and create a fair work environment for young employees.
Why Are There Limits on Minor Work Hours?
Child labor laws are in place to protect minors from excessive work hours that could interfere with their education and well-being. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) sets federal guidelines, while individual states may impose additional restrictions. Employers must comply with both to avoid fines and penalties.
How Many Hours a Week Can a Minor Work?
The number of hours a minor can work depends on their age and whether school is in session.
For 14- and 15-Year-Olds (Federal Law)
During the School Year:
- Up to 18 hours per week
- No more than 3 hours on a school day
- Work only between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.
During School Breaks (Summer, Holidays, etc.):
- Up to 40 hours per week
- No more than 8 hours per day
- Work allowed between 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. (June 1 – Labor Day)
For 16- and 17-Year-Olds
- No federal limit on hours worked
- Cannot work in hazardous occupations (e.g., operating heavy machinery)
- Some states impose restrictions on hours during school days
It’s important to check state-specific laws as some states impose stricter rules than federal guidelines.
State Variations on Minor Work Hours
While the FLSA provides a baseline, many states have additional regulations. Some states limit the number of hours 16- and 17-year-olds can work during the school year, while others allow more flexibility.
For example:
- California: Minors aged 16-17 can work up to 48 hours per week when school is not in session.
- New York: Limits 16- and 17-year-olds to 28 hours per week during the school year.
- Texas: Generally follows federal rules but allows minors to work until 10 p.m. on days before school.
Employers should always check state labor department websites to ensure compliance.
What Happens If an Employer Violates These Rules?
Failing to comply with minor work hour laws can lead to:
- Fines and penalties from the Department of Labor
- Legal action from employees or their parents
- Reputational damage for violating labor laws
To avoid these risks, employers should track minor work hours carefully and ensure scheduling complies with both federal and state laws.
Best Practices for Employing Minors
To stay compliant and create a positive work environment for minors, employers should:
✅ Understand local labor laws – Federal laws are a minimum; state laws may be stricter.
✅ Schedule minors carefully – Use scheduling software to track hours and avoid overtime violations.
✅ Provide clear job training – Young workers may need extra guidance on workplace expectations.
✅ Ensure work doesn’t interfere with education – Encourage minors to balance school and work.
By following these best practices, businesses can benefit from hiring young workers while staying compliant with labor laws.
Final Thoughts
So, how many hours a week can a minor work? The answer depends on age, school status, and state laws. Employers must follow federal and state labor laws to avoid penalties and ensure a safe working environment for young employees.
